Template:Why We Sleep/glossary: Difference between revisions

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  | Aetna = American health insurance company; corporate wellness programs
  | adenosine = Brain chemical building sleep pressure; neuromodulator
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  | Andrew Gelman = Statistician and professor; Columbia University
  | anterior cingulate = Brain region for emotion and conflict monitoring; limbic-cortical area
+ | antibody = Protein made by immune system; binds specific antigens; defense against infection
  | Annals = Medical journal; publishes clinical research
  | Anu Valtonen = Scholar; author in Organization Studies
  | atonia = Loss of muscle tone; normal during REM sleep to prevent movement
  | Björn Rasch = Sleep researcher; studies memory reactivation
+ | boxed warning = Strong safety warning on drug labels; required by U.S. FDA
  | Brigham and Women’s Hospital = Boston teaching hospital; Harvard-affiliated
  | Brown University = Ivy League university in Rhode Island; research institution
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  | CBT-I = Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia; structured sleep treatment
  | Center for Human Sleep Science = UC Berkeley research center; studies sleep and health
+ | cardiovascular strain = Stress on heart and blood vessels; elevated workload on cardiovascular system
+ | chronic insomnia = Long-lasting difficulty sleeping; sleep disorder; persists at least months
  | circadian biology = Study of daily biological rhythms; timing systems governing physiology and behavior
  | circadian misalignment = Misalignment between internal circadian clock and external schedule; impairs sleep and health
  | circadian pacemaker = Internal clock mechanism; governs daily rhythms
  | circadian rhythms = Biological 24-hour cycles; regulate physiology and behavior
+ | circadian timing = Internal clock phase and schedule; biological rhythm alignment
  | Clive Cookson = Science journalist; Financial Times
  | Columbia University = Ivy League university in New York; research university
+ | complex sleep behaviors = Rare dangerous actions after hypnotics; sleepwalking, driving, cooking
  | cortex = Outer brain layer; supports perception, cognition, and voluntary movement
  | dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) = Marker of circadian phase; melatonin rise under dim light
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  | disk-over-water method = Rat sleep deprivation technique; prevents dozing by movement
  | dorsolateral prefrontal cortex = Brain region for executive control; frontal lobe area
+ | drowsy driving = Driving while sleepy; impaired alertness; crash risk
  | EEG = Electroencephalography; measures brain electrical activity
  | EOG = Electrooculography; records eye movements
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  | Els van der Helm = Sleep researcher; studied REM and emotion
  | EnergyPod = Workplace napping chair; privacy visor and audio
+ | epidemiology = Study of disease patterns in populations; public health science
  | eszopiclone = Prescription hypnotic; non-benzodiazepine sleep aid
  | Eugene Aserinsky = Sleep researcher; co-discoverer of REM
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  | Fresh Air = NPR interview program; cultural and news topics
  | fMRI = Functional MRI; brain activity via blood flow
+ | frontotemporal = Relating to frontal and temporal brain lobes; neuroanatomy term
  | ghrelin = Hormone increasing appetite; rises with sleep loss
+ | glucose tolerance = Body’s ability to manage blood sugar after glucose load; metabolic function
  | Google = American technology company; search and ads
  | Guinness = Record-keeping organization; publishes world records
+ | half-life = Time for a substance’s concentration to decrease by half; pharmacokinetics measure
  | hippocampal place cells = Neurons encoding spatial location; fire at specific places during navigation and sleep
+ | hippocampal–cortical dialogue = Information exchange between hippocampus and cortex; memory consolidation process
  | hippocampus = Brain region for memory formation; limbic structure
  | homeostatic sleep pressure = Build-up of sleep need across wakefulness; dissipates during sleep
+ | hypertension = Chronically elevated blood pressure; cardiovascular risk factor
  | International Agency for Research on Cancer = WHO cancer research agency; carcinogen classifications
+ | idiopathic RBD = REM sleep behavior disorder without known cause; early neurodegeneration marker
+ | immune suppression = Reduced immune system activity; lower defense against infection
+ | inflammation = Immune tissue response to injury or infection; redness, heat, swelling
+ | insulin resistance = Reduced response to insulin; impairs glucose uptake; prediabetes risk
  | JAMA = Medical journal; American Medical Association
  | Jan Born = German neuroscientist; sleep and memory research
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  | Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave = Limestone cave system in Kentucky; national park
  | Kirkus Reviews = American book review magazine; pre-publication reviews
+ | LED = Light-emitting diode; common display and lighting technology
  | leptin = Hormone reducing appetite; lowered by sleep restriction
+ | lethargus = Sleep-like quiescent state in nematodes; developmental transition
  | locus coeruleus = Brainstem noradrenergic nucleus; arousal and vigilance
  | lucid dreaming = Dreaming with awareness of dreaming; allows some voluntary control
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  | Mary Carskadon = Sleep researcher; adolescent circadian studies
  | Matthew P. Walker = Neuroscientist and author; sleep science popularizer
+ | meta-analysis = Statistical synthesis of results across studies; evidence aggregation
  | melatonin = Hormone regulating sleep timing; darkness signal
  | melanopsin = Retinal photopigment; blue-light sensitive
+ | metabolic dysregulation = Disrupted metabolic control; altered hormones and energy balance
  | Michel Jouvet = French neurophysiologist; REM sleep pioneer
  | microsleeps = Brief unintended sleep episodes; seconds-long lapses causing attention failures
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  | NASA Ames = NASA research center in California; aviation and space research
  | Nathaniel Kleitman = Sleep researcher; REM co-discoverer with Aserinsky
+ | Navy = Maritime branch of a nation’s armed forces; naval service
  | Nature = Scientific journal; multidisciplinary research
  | Narcolepsy = Sleep disorder with sudden REM intrusions; excessive daytime sleepiness
+ | neurodegeneration = Progressive loss of neurons or function; nervous system disease process
+ | neurotransmission = Communication between neurons via chemical or electrical signals; synaptic signaling
  | New England Journal of Medicine = Medical journal; clinical research and reviews
  | New York Times = American newspaper; national and international coverage
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  | NREM = Non-rapid eye movement sleep; restorative sleep stage supporting memory and recovery
  | Number Reduction Task = Cognitive task with hidden rule; insight measure
+ | oneiric scenes = Dream-like sequences or images; relating to dreams
  | Organization Studies = Academic journal; management and organization research
  | orexin = Neuropeptide promoting wakefulness; hypocretin
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  | PET = Positron emission tomography; imaging of metabolism
  | Pierre Maquet = Neuroscientist; mapped REM brain activity
+ | placebo = Inactive treatment used as control in trials; comparison baseline
+ | polysomnographic sleep efficiency = Proportion of time asleep on polysomnography; objective sleep metric
  | polysomnography = Multichannel sleep recording; combines EEG, EOG, and other measures to stage sleep
  | prion disease = Neurodegenerative disease from misfolded prion proteins; transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
  | PRNP D178N mutation = PRNP gene variant; linked to fatal familial insomnia
+ | prediabetic = Having elevated blood sugar below diabetes threshold; prediabetes state
  | psychomotor vigilance task = Reaction-time test; measures attention lapses
  | Publishers Weekly = American trade magazine; book industry news
  | Randy Gardner = Student who set famed sleep deprivation record attempt
+ | REM atonia circuit = Brainstem pathway causing REM paralysis; prevents movement during dreams
+ | REM intrusions = REM features intruding into wakefulness; narcolepsy-related symptom
  | REM sleep = Sleep stage with rapid eye movements; vivid dreaming
  | REM sleep behavior disorder = Disorder with dream enactment; REM atonia failure
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  | SWS = Slow-wave sleep; deep NREM stage
  | TED = Nonprofit talks platform; ideas and conferences
+ | thalamic nuclei = Groups of neurons in the thalamus; sensory relay hubs
+ | thalamus = Brain relay center for sensory signals; regulates arousal and sleep
  | The Guardian = British newspaper; national and international news
  | The New Yorker = American magazine; essays and investigative reporting
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  | zopiclone = Prescription hypnotic; sedative sleep medication
  | #default = Hi reader, have a great day! 😎
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Revision as of 00:04, 29 October 2025