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[[Definition:Gross written premium (GWP)]]
[[Definition:Artificial intelligence (AI)]]
[[Definition:Net written premium (NWP)]]
[[Definition:Machine learning (ML)]]
[[Definition:Gross earned premium (GEP)]]
[[Definition:Deep learning]]
[[Definition:Net earned premium (NEP)]]
[[Definition:Natural language processing (NLP)]]
[[Definition:Unearned premium reserve (UPR)]]
[[Definition:Computer vision]]
[[Definition:Unearned premium]]
[[Definition:Predictive analytics]]
[[Definition:Earned premium]]
[[Definition:Predictive modelling]]
[[Definition:Written premium]]
[[Definition:Algorithmic underwriting]]
[[Definition:Premium deficiency reserve]]
[[Definition:Automated claims processing]]
[[Definition:Additional unexpired risk reserve (AURR)]]
[[Definition:Fraud detection]]
[[Definition:Deferred acquisition cost (DAC)]]
[[Definition:Optical character recognition (OCR)]]
[[Definition:Acquisition cost]]
[[Definition:Robotic process automation (RPA)]]
[[Definition:Acquisition cost ratio]]
[[Definition:Chatbot]]
[[Definition:Loss ratio (L/R)]]
[[Definition:Large language model (LLM)]]
[[Definition:Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI)]]
[[Definition:Neural network]]
[[Definition:Supervised learning]]
[[Definition:Unsupervised learning]]
[[Definition:Training data]]
[[Definition:Algorithmic bias]]
[[Definition:Explainability]]
[[Definition:Black box model]]
[[Definition:Model validation]]
[[Definition:Telematics]]
[[Definition:Sentiment analysis]]
[[Definition:Decision tree]]
[[Definition:Data mining]]
[[Definition:Straight-through processing (STP)]]
[[Definition:Intelligent document processing (IDP)]]
[[Definition:Digital twin]]



[[Definition:Request for proposal (RFP)]]
[[Definition:Request for information (RFI)]]
[[Definition:Request for quotation (RFQ)]]
[[Definition:Vendor management]]
[[Definition:Third-party risk management (TPRM)]]
[[Definition:Service level agreement (SLA)]]
[[Definition:Key performance indicator (KPI)]]
[[Definition:Due diligence]]
[[Definition:Outsourcing]]
[[Definition:Insourcing]]
[[Definition:Preferred supplier]]
[[Definition:Supplier evaluation]]
[[Definition:Total cost of ownership (TCO)]]
[[Definition:Procurement lifecycle]]
[[Definition:Contract management]]
[[Definition:Master service agreement (MSA)]]
[[Definition:Statement of work (SOW)]]
[[Definition:Spend analysis]]
[[Definition:Category management]]
[[Definition:Strategic sourcing]]
[[Definition:Competitive tendering]]
[[Definition:Vendor lock-in]]
[[Definition:Subcontracting]]
[[Definition:Non-disclosure agreement (NDA)]]
[[Definition:Purchase order (PO)]]
[[Definition:Procure-to-pay (P2P)]]
[[Definition:Supplier onboarding]]
[[Definition:Benchmarking]]
[[Definition:Tail spend]]
[[Definition:Business continuity planning (BCP)]]
[[Definition:Sole sourcing]]
[[Definition:Single sourcing]]
[[Definition:Multi-sourcing]]
[[Definition:Nearshoring]]
[[Definition:Offshoring]]
[[Definition:Onshoring]]
[[Definition:Managed service provider (MSP)]]
[[Definition:Business process outsourcing (BPO)]]
[[Definition:Information technology outsourcing (ITO)]]
[[Definition:Vendor consolidation]]
[[Definition:Supplier diversity]]
[[Definition:Framework agreement]]
[[Definition:Blanket purchase agreement (BPA)]]
[[Definition:Rate card]]
[[Definition:Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)]]
[[Definition:Return on investment (ROI)]]
[[Definition:Value for money (VFM)]]
[[Definition:Negotiation strategy]]
[[Definition:Best and final offer (BAFO)]]
[[Definition:Invitation to tender (ITT)]]
[[Definition:Evaluation criteria]]
[[Definition:Weighted scoring model]]
[[Definition:Proof of concept (POC)]]
[[Definition:Pilot programme]]
[[Definition:Vendor risk assessment]]
[[Definition:Supplier scorecard]]
[[Definition:Contract renewal]]
[[Definition:Auto-renewal clause]]
[[Definition:Termination for convenience]]
[[Definition:Exit strategy]]
[[Definition:Transition plan]]
[[Definition:Change control]]
[[Definition:Scope creep]]
[[Definition:Escalation procedure]]
[[Definition:Governance framework]]
[[Definition:Steering committee]]
[[Definition:Stakeholder management]]
[[Definition:Demand management]]
[[Definition:Specification]]
[[Definition:Compliance requirement]]
[[Definition:Regulatory outsourcing obligation]]
[[Definition:Material outsourcing]]
[[Definition:Critical service provider]]
[[Definition:Concentration risk]]
[[Definition:Fourth-party risk]]
[[Definition:Supply chain risk]]
[[Definition:Right to audit clause]]
[[Definition:Data processing agreement (DPA)]]
[[Definition:Intellectual property rights (IPR)]]
[[Definition:Indemnification clause]]
[[Definition:Limitation of liability]]
[[Definition:Force majeure]]
[[Definition:Liquidated damages]]
[[Definition:Penalty clause]]
[[Definition:Earnback mechanism]]
[[Definition:Gain-sharing arrangement]]
[[Definition:Fixed-price contract]]
[[Definition:Time-and-materials contract (T&M)]]
[[Definition:Cost-plus contract]]
[[Definition:Outcome-based contract]]
[[Definition:Maverick spend]]
[[Definition:Spend under management]]
[[Definition:Savings target]]
[[Definition:Budget holder]]
[[Definition:Approval workflow]]
[[Definition:Delegated authority]]
[[Definition:Procurement policy]]
[[Definition:Ethical sourcing]]
[[Definition:Environmental, social, and governance criteria (ESG)]]
[[Definition:Sustainable procurement]]
[[Definition:Vendor performance review]]
[[Definition:Continuous improvement]]
[[Definition:Market analysis]]
[[Definition:Make-or-buy decision]]
[[Definition:Incumbent supplier]]

[[Definition:Gross written premiums (GWP)]]
[[Definition:Combined ratio (CR)]]
[[Definition:Combined ratio (CR)]]
[[Definition:Underlying earnings]]
[[Definition:Underlying earnings per share (UEPS)]]
[[Definition:Underlying return on equity (URoE)]]
[[Definition:Net income]]
[[Definition:Solvency II ratio]]
[[Definition:Eligible own funds (EOF)]]
[[Definition:Contractual service margin (CSM)]]
[[Definition:New business value (NBV)]]
[[Definition:New business value margin]]
[[Definition:Present value of expected premiums (PVEP)]]
[[Definition:New business contractual service margin (NB CSM)]]
[[Definition:CSM release]]
[[Definition:Technical margin]]
[[Definition:Technical experience]]
[[Definition:Net flows]]
[[Definition:Unit-linked]]
[[Definition:General account (GA)]]
[[Definition:Property and casualty insurance (P&C)]]
[[Definition:Life and health insurance (L&H)]]
[[Definition:Commercial lines]]
[[Definition:Personal lines]]
[[Definition:Reinsurance]]
[[Definition:Managing general agent (MGA)]]
[[Definition:Natural catastrophe charges (Nat Cat)]]
[[Definition:Prior years' reserve development]]
[[Definition:Claims reserve]]
[[Definition:Unwind of discount]]
[[Definition:Loss ratio]]
[[Definition:Expense ratio]]
[[Definition:Expense ratio]]
[[Definition:Operating ratio]]
[[Definition:Current year loss]]
[[Definition:Underwriting result]]
[[Definition:Short-tail lines]]
[[Definition:Underwriting profit]]
[[Definition:Long-tail lines]]
[[Definition:Underwriting year]]
[[Definition:Casualty insurance]]
[[Definition:Accident year]]
[[Definition:Financial lines]]
[[Definition:Calendar year]]
[[Definition:Protection]]
[[Definition:Policy year]]
[[Definition:Savings insurance]]
[[Definition:Year of account (YOA)]]
[[Definition:Endowment product]]
[[Definition:Incurred but not reported reserve (IBNR)]]
[[Definition:Single premium]]
[[Definition:Incurred but not enough reported reserve (IBNER)]]
[[Definition:Whole-life product]]
[[Definition:Outstanding claim reserve]]
[[Definition:Bancassurance]]
[[Definition:Case reserve]]
[[Definition:Direct insurance]]
[[Definition:Bulk reserve]]
[[Definition:Motor insurance]]
[[Definition:Claims incurred]]
[[Definition:Fire insurance]]
[[Definition:Paid loss]]
[[Definition:Workers' compensation]]
[[Definition:Loss development]]
[[Definition:Group life insurance]]
[[Definition:Loss development factor (LDF)]]
[[Definition:Health insurance]]
[[Definition:Loss triangle]]
[[Definition:Complementary health insurance]]
[[Definition:Run-off triangle]]
[[Definition:Retail motor]]
[[Definition:Ultimate loss]]
[[Definition:Social inflation]]
[[Definition:Ultimate loss ratio]]
[[Definition:Market softening]]
[[Definition:Reserve adequacy]]
[[Definition:Pricing cycle]]
[[Definition:Reserve redundancy]]
[[Definition:Capital-light product]]
[[Definition:Reserve deficiency]]
[[Definition:Surrender]]
[[Definition:Reserve release]]
[[Definition:Persistency]]
[[Definition:Reserve strengthening]]
[[Definition:Underwriting]]
[[Definition:Prior-year reserve development]]
[[Definition:Pruning]]
[[Definition:Discounted reserve]]
[[Definition:Earn-through]]
[[Definition:Undiscounted reserve]]
[[Definition:Debt gearing]]
[[Definition:Technical provision]]
[[Definition:Restricted Tier 1 capital (RT1)]]
[[Definition:Best estimate liability (BEL)]]
[[Definition:Tier 2 capital]]
[[Definition:Risk margin]]
[[Definition:Loss absorption mechanism]]
[[Definition:Claims provision]]
[[Definition:Write-down]]
[[Definition:Premium provision]]
[[Definition:Credit spread]]
[[Definition:Provision for outstanding claims]]
[[Definition:Investment grade]]
[[Definition:Equalization reserve]]
[[Definition:High yield]]
[[Definition:Catastrophe reserve]]
[[Definition:Corporate spread]]
[[Definition:Net asset value (NAV)]]
[[Definition:Embedded value (EV)]]
[[Definition:European embedded value (EEV)]]
[[Definition:Market-consistent embedded value (MCEV)]]
[[Definition:Appraisal value]]
[[Definition:Value of in-force business (VIF)]]
[[Definition:Adjusted net asset value]]
[[Definition:Present value of future profits (PVFP)]]
[[Definition:Solvency margin]]
[[Definition:Solvency capital requirement (SCR)]]
[[Definition:Solvency capital requirement (SCR)]]
[[Definition:Minimum capital requirement (MCR)]]
[[Definition:Organic cash upstream]]
[[Definition:Own funds]]
[[Definition:Dividend payout ratio]]
[[Definition:Risk-based capital (RBC)]]
[[Definition:Total payout ratio]]
[[Definition:Surplus]]
[[Definition:Share buy-back]]
[[Definition:Policyholders' surplus]]
[[Definition:Normalized own funds generation]]
[[Definition:Free reserves]]
[[Definition:Operating return]]
[[Definition:Available capital]]
[[Definition:Foreseeable dividend]]
[[Definition:Eligible own funds]]
[[Definition:Comparable basis]]
[[Definition:Tiered capital]]
[[Definition:Constant exchange rate basis]]
[[Definition:Technical result]]
[[Definition:Scope effect]]
[[Definition:Non-technical account]]
[[Definition:Investment income]]
[[Definition:Investment return]]
[[Definition:Realized gain]]
[[Definition:Unrealized gain]]
[[Definition:Fair value]]
[[Definition:Amortized cost]]
[[Definition:Available-for-sale financial asset (AFS)]]
[[Definition:Held-to-maturity financial asset]]
[[Definition:Fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)]]
[[Definition:Fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)]]
[[Definition:Impairment loss]]
[[Definition:Reinsurance recoverable]]
[[Definition:Reinsurance asset]]
[[Definition:Reinsurance payable]]
[[Definition:Reinsurance deposit]]
[[Definition:Funds withheld]]
[[Definition:Ceded premium]]
[[Definition:Ceded loss]]
[[Definition:Ceded commission]]
[[Definition:Reinsurer's share of technical provisions]]
[[Definition:Sliding scale commission]]
[[Definition:Profit commission]]
[[Definition:Override commission]]
[[Definition:Overriding commission]]
[[Definition:Ceding commission]]
[[Definition:Contingent commission]]
[[Definition:Bordereaux]]
[[Definition:Premium bordereaux]]
[[Definition:Claims bordereaux]]
[[Definition:Premium receivable]]
[[Definition:Agent's balance]]
[[Definition:Insurance receivable]]
[[Definition:Insurance payable]]
[[Definition:Insurance contract liability]]
[[Definition:Policyholder liability]]
[[Definition:Policyholder dividend]]
[[Definition:Participating policy surplus]]
[[Definition:Deferred tax asset]]
[[Definition:Deferred tax liability]]
[[Definition:Goodwill]]
[[Definition:Intangible asset]]
[[Definition:Value of business acquired (VOBA)]]
[[Definition:Contractual service margin (CSM)]]
[[Definition:Risk adjustment (RA)]]
[[Definition:Fulfilment cash flow]]
[[Definition:Coverage unit]]
[[Definition:Premium allocation approach (PAA)]]
[[Definition:Building block approach (BBA)]]
[[Definition:General measurement model (GMM)]]
[[Definition:Variable fee approach (VFA)]]
[[Definition:Liability for remaining coverage (LRC)]]
[[Definition:Liability for incurred claims (LIC)]]
[[Definition:Loss component]]
[[Definition:Onerous contract]]
[[Definition:Onerous contract loss]]
[[Definition:Portfolio of insurance contracts]]
[[Definition:Group of insurance contracts]]
[[Definition:Insurance contract revenue]]
[[Definition:Insurance service expense]]
[[Definition:Insurance service result]]
[[Definition:Insurance finance income or expense]]
[[Definition:Other comprehensive income (OCI)]]
[[Definition:Discount rate]]
[[Definition:Locked-in discount rate]]
[[Definition:Current discount rate]]
[[Definition:Yield curve]]
[[Definition:Risk-free rate]]
[[Definition:Gross premium valuation (GPV)]]
[[Definition:Net premium valuation (NPV)]]
[[Definition:Statutory accounting]]
[[Definition:Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)]]
[[Definition:International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS)]]
[[Definition:IFRS 17]]
[[Definition:IFRS 9]]
[[Definition:Statutory surplus]]
[[Definition:Admitted asset]]
[[Definition:Non-admitted asset]]
[[Definition:Salvage and subrogation]]
[[Definition:Subrogation recoverable]]
[[Definition:Salvage recoverable]]
[[Definition:Loss adjustment expense (LAE)]]
[[Definition:Allocated loss adjustment expense (ALAE)]]
[[Definition:Unallocated loss adjustment expense (ULAE)]]
[[Definition:Defence cost]]
[[Definition:Claims handling expense]]
[[Definition:Management expense ratio (MER)]]
[[Definition:Total expense ratio (TER)]]
[[Definition:Return on equity (ROE)]]
[[Definition:Return on capital (ROC)]]
[[Definition:Economic capital]]
[[Definition:Capital adequacy]]
[[Definition:Retrocession accounting]]
[[Definition:Aggregate stop-loss]]
[[Definition:Aggregate excess of loss]]
[[Definition:Deposit accounting]]
[[Definition:Finite reinsurance]]
[[Definition:Risk transfer test]]
[[Definition:Significant insurance risk]]
[[Definition:Actuarial liability]]
[[Definition:Actuarial reserve]]
[[Definition:Net income]]
[[Definition:Comprehensive income]]
[[Definition:Retained earnings]]
[[Definition:Shareholders' equity]]
[[Definition:Book value]]
[[Definition:Tangible book value]]
[[Definition:Loss reserve to surplus ratio]]
[[Definition:Premium to surplus ratio]]
[[Definition:Net leverage ratio]]
[[Definition:Investment leverage]]
[[Definition:Float]]
[[Definition:Insurance float]]
[[Definition:Cash flow underwriting]]
[[Definition:Profit and loss account (P&L)]]
[[Definition:Balance sheet]]
[[Definition:Statement of comprehensive income]]
[[Definition:Statement of financial position]]
[[Definition:Technical account]]
[[Definition:Revenue account]]
[[Definition:Syndicate annual account]]
[[Definition:Funds at Lloyd's (FAL)]]
[[Definition:Premium trust fund]]
[[Definition:Insurance contract boundary]]
[[Definition:Cohort]]
[[Definition:Annual cohort]]
[[Definition:Transition approach]]
[[Definition:Full retrospective approach]]
[[Definition:Modified retrospective approach]]
[[Definition:Fair value approach]]
[[Definition:Experience adjustment]]
[[Definition:Confidence level]]
[[Definition:Probability of sufficiency]]
[[Definition:Chain-ladder method]]
[[Definition:Bornhuetter-Ferguson method]]
[[Definition:Expected loss ratio method]]
[[Definition:Loss reserving]]
[[Definition:Claim frequency]]
[[Definition:Claim severity]]
[[Definition:Average cost per claim]]
[[Definition:Written to earned ratio]]
[[Definition:Premium earning pattern]]
[[Definition:Deferred reinsurance premium]]
[[Definition:Prepaid reinsurance premium]]
[[Definition:Accrued premium]]
[[Definition:Return premium]]
[[Definition:Portfolio transfer]]
[[Definition:Loss portfolio transfer (LPT)]]
[[Definition:Adverse development cover (ADC)]]
[[Definition:Retrospective premium adjustment]]
[[Definition:Audit premium]]
[[Definition:Minimum and deposit premium]]
[[Definition:Reinstatement premium]]
[[Definition:Intercompany elimination]]
[[Definition:Intercompany elimination]]
[[Definition:Consolidated account]]
[[Definition:Solo account]]
[[Definition:Segmental reporting]]
[[Definition:Line of business]]
[[Definition:Class of business]]
[[Definition:Functional currency]]
[[Definition:Foreign exchange reserve]]
[[Definition:Currency translation adjustment]]
[[Definition:Hedging reserve]]
[[Definition:Matching adjustment]]
[[Definition:Volatility adjustment]]
[[Definition:Surplus relief]]

Latest revision as of 21:11, 19 March 2026

Definition:Artificial intelligence (AI) Definition:Machine learning (ML) Definition:Deep learning Definition:Natural language processing (NLP) Definition:Computer vision Definition:Predictive analytics Definition:Predictive modelling Definition:Algorithmic underwriting Definition:Automated claims processing Definition:Fraud detection Definition:Optical character recognition (OCR) Definition:Robotic process automation (RPA) Definition:Chatbot Definition:Large language model (LLM) Definition:Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) Definition:Neural network Definition:Supervised learning Definition:Unsupervised learning Definition:Training data Definition:Algorithmic bias Definition:Explainability Definition:Black box model Definition:Model validation Definition:Telematics Definition:Sentiment analysis Definition:Decision tree Definition:Data mining Definition:Straight-through processing (STP) Definition:Intelligent document processing (IDP) Definition:Digital twin


Definition:Request for proposal (RFP) Definition:Request for information (RFI) Definition:Request for quotation (RFQ) Definition:Vendor management Definition:Third-party risk management (TPRM) Definition:Service level agreement (SLA) Definition:Key performance indicator (KPI) Definition:Due diligence Definition:Outsourcing Definition:Insourcing Definition:Preferred supplier Definition:Supplier evaluation Definition:Total cost of ownership (TCO) Definition:Procurement lifecycle Definition:Contract management Definition:Master service agreement (MSA) Definition:Statement of work (SOW) Definition:Spend analysis Definition:Category management Definition:Strategic sourcing Definition:Competitive tendering Definition:Vendor lock-in Definition:Subcontracting Definition:Non-disclosure agreement (NDA) Definition:Purchase order (PO) Definition:Procure-to-pay (P2P) Definition:Supplier onboarding Definition:Benchmarking Definition:Tail spend Definition:Business continuity planning (BCP) Definition:Sole sourcing Definition:Single sourcing Definition:Multi-sourcing Definition:Nearshoring Definition:Offshoring Definition:Onshoring Definition:Managed service provider (MSP) Definition:Business process outsourcing (BPO) Definition:Information technology outsourcing (ITO) Definition:Vendor consolidation Definition:Supplier diversity Definition:Framework agreement Definition:Blanket purchase agreement (BPA) Definition:Rate card Definition:Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) Definition:Return on investment (ROI) Definition:Value for money (VFM) Definition:Negotiation strategy Definition:Best and final offer (BAFO) Definition:Invitation to tender (ITT) Definition:Evaluation criteria Definition:Weighted scoring model Definition:Proof of concept (POC) Definition:Pilot programme Definition:Vendor risk assessment Definition:Supplier scorecard Definition:Contract renewal Definition:Auto-renewal clause Definition:Termination for convenience Definition:Exit strategy Definition:Transition plan Definition:Change control Definition:Scope creep Definition:Escalation procedure Definition:Governance framework Definition:Steering committee Definition:Stakeholder management Definition:Demand management Definition:Specification Definition:Compliance requirement Definition:Regulatory outsourcing obligation Definition:Material outsourcing Definition:Critical service provider Definition:Concentration risk Definition:Fourth-party risk Definition:Supply chain risk Definition:Right to audit clause Definition:Data processing agreement (DPA) Definition:Intellectual property rights (IPR) Definition:Indemnification clause Definition:Limitation of liability Definition:Force majeure Definition:Liquidated damages Definition:Penalty clause Definition:Earnback mechanism Definition:Gain-sharing arrangement Definition:Fixed-price contract Definition:Time-and-materials contract (T&M) Definition:Cost-plus contract Definition:Outcome-based contract Definition:Maverick spend Definition:Spend under management Definition:Savings target Definition:Budget holder Definition:Approval workflow Definition:Delegated authority Definition:Procurement policy Definition:Ethical sourcing Definition:Environmental, social, and governance criteria (ESG) Definition:Sustainable procurement Definition:Vendor performance review Definition:Continuous improvement Definition:Market analysis Definition:Make-or-buy decision Definition:Incumbent supplier

Definition:Gross written premiums (GWP) Definition:Combined ratio (CR) Definition:Underlying earnings Definition:Underlying earnings per share (UEPS) Definition:Underlying return on equity (URoE) Definition:Net income Definition:Solvency II ratio Definition:Eligible own funds (EOF) Definition:Contractual service margin (CSM) Definition:New business value (NBV) Definition:New business value margin Definition:Present value of expected premiums (PVEP) Definition:New business contractual service margin (NB CSM) Definition:CSM release Definition:Technical margin Definition:Technical experience Definition:Net flows Definition:Unit-linked Definition:General account (GA) Definition:Property and casualty insurance (P&C) Definition:Life and health insurance (L&H) Definition:Commercial lines Definition:Personal lines Definition:Reinsurance Definition:Managing general agent (MGA) Definition:Natural catastrophe charges (Nat Cat) Definition:Prior years' reserve development Definition:Claims reserve Definition:Unwind of discount Definition:Loss ratio Definition:Expense ratio Definition:Current year loss Definition:Short-tail lines Definition:Long-tail lines Definition:Casualty insurance Definition:Financial lines Definition:Protection Definition:Savings insurance Definition:Endowment product Definition:Single premium Definition:Whole-life product Definition:Bancassurance Definition:Direct insurance Definition:Motor insurance Definition:Fire insurance Definition:Workers' compensation Definition:Group life insurance Definition:Health insurance Definition:Complementary health insurance Definition:Retail motor Definition:Social inflation Definition:Market softening Definition:Pricing cycle Definition:Capital-light product Definition:Surrender Definition:Persistency Definition:Underwriting Definition:Pruning Definition:Earn-through Definition:Debt gearing Definition:Restricted Tier 1 capital (RT1) Definition:Tier 2 capital Definition:Loss absorption mechanism Definition:Write-down Definition:Credit spread Definition:Investment grade Definition:High yield Definition:Corporate spread Definition:Solvency capital requirement (SCR) Definition:Organic cash upstream Definition:Dividend payout ratio Definition:Total payout ratio Definition:Share buy-back Definition:Normalized own funds generation Definition:Operating return Definition:Foreseeable dividend Definition:Comparable basis Definition:Constant exchange rate basis Definition:Scope effect Definition:Intercompany elimination