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== Overview ==
{{Infobox person
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| honorific_suffix =
| image = aditya-mittal.jpg
▲| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|1|22}}
| birth_place = Kolkata, India
| citizenship = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater = Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
| occupation = Business executive; Chief Executive Officer
| employer =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| boards =
| known_for = Leading the creation of ArcelorMittal; large-scale steel industry mergers and acquisitions
| spouse = Megha Mittal
| children = 3
| awards = European Business Leader of the Future (CNBC Europe, 2008)
| signature =
| website =
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🏭 '''Aditya Mittal''' (born 22 January 1976) is an Indian-born business executive who has served as chief executive officer (CEO) of ArcelorMittal, a leading global steel and mining group, since 2021.<ref name="finexp">{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-meet-usha-mittals-son-and-ceo-of-arcelormittal-aditya-mittal-know-about-his-journey-and-how-he-took-forward-the-legacy-built-by-his-father-lakshmi-mittal-3191898/ |title=Meet Usha Mittal's son and CEO of ArcelorMittal, Aditya Mittal |publisher=Financial Express |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref><ref name="am_results">{{cite web |url=https://corporate.arcelormittal.com/media/press-releases/arcelormittal-reports-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2021-results |title=ArcelorMittal reports fourth quarter and full year 2021 results |publisher=ArcelorMittal |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> The son of steel magnate Lakshmi Mittal, he rose through the family-controlled Mittal Steel group as a deal maker, helped to engineer the 2006 takeover of European rival Arcelor that created ArcelorMittal, and later took charge of the company’s financial restructuring and strategic shift towards higher value and lower-carbon steel.<ref name="wharton">{{cite web |url=https://magazine.wharton.upenn.edu/issues/anniversary-issue/forges-the-deals-for-the-worlds-largest-steel-company-aditya-mittal-w96/ |title=Forging the world's largest steel company: Aditya Mittal |publisher=Wharton Magazine |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref><ref name="gq">{{cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/real-steel |title=Real Steel: Aditya Mittal |publisher=GQ India |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> Alongside his corporate responsibilities, Mittal has held board and advisory roles at institutions such as the Wharton School and Iconiq Capital, has been involved in large-scale philanthropy, and in 2025 agreed to become a major personal investor in the NBA’s Boston Celtics franchise.<ref name="reuters_celtics">{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/celtics-sale-gets-1-billion-investment-indian-steel-giant-reports--flm-2025-05-23/ |title=Celtics sale gets $1 billion investment from Indian steel giant |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref><ref name="megha_wiki">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megha_Mittal |title=Megha Mittal |publisher=Wikipedia |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref>
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== Early
🧒 '''Family background.''' Mittal was born on 22 January 1976 in Kolkata, India, into a Marwari business family and spent much of his childhood in Indonesia after his father expanded a small steel venture to Jakarta.<ref name="finexp" /> Growing up around the family’s mills, he was exposed early to the practicalities of running steel plants, accompanying Lakshmi Mittal on visits that later led him to describe watching his father at work with the fascination of a child seeing a hero perform.<ref name="gq" /> This combination of frequent plant visits, an upbringing that straddled India and Southeast Asia, and schooling at Jakarta International School fostered a cosmopolitan outlook and an instinctive familiarity with the global steel trade.<ref name="finexp" />
🎓 '''Wharton
🧭 '''Early career choices.''' After graduating, Mittal briefly followed advice from his grandfather to seek a career outside the volatile steel industry, spending about a year as an investment-banking analyst in the United States before deciding that his interests lay in the family business.<ref name="gq" /> In 1997, at the age of 21, he joined Mittal Steel Company, part of the LNM Group, as a trainee analyst, entering the sector during a turbulent period marked by the Asian financial crisis and global overcapacity in steel.<ref name="finexp" /> The experience of starting his career amid industry headwinds is often cited as formative for his later leadership style, reinforcing an emphasis on resilience and comfort with cyclical downturns.<ref name="wharton" />
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== Career ==
🚀 '''
🤝 '''Arcelor takeover and creation of ArcelorMittal.''' By his late twenties, Mittal had become a central figure in the group’s strategy. In October 2004 he was named president and chief financial officer (CFO) of Mittal Steel Company, working alongside his father on global expansion plans.<ref name="aperam" /> The defining moment of this phase came in 2006, when, as CFO, he played a leading role in Mittal Steel’s hostile bid for Luxembourg-based Arcelor, then a considerably larger European steelmaker.<ref name="wharton" /> The US$34 billion cash-and-shares offer met strong resistance from Arcelor’s board, some European politicians and labour unions, but after months of negotiations and public debate, Arcelor’s shareholders voted to accept the offer in June 2006, creating ArcelorMittal.<ref name="wharton" /> The merged company was described at the time as accounting for around 10% of global steel output, a scale that led some investment-banking advisers to characterise the transaction as a landmark deal for the sector.<ref name="wharton" /><ref name="gq" />
📈 '''Leadership positions in ArcelorMittal.''' Following the merger, Mittal became CFO of ArcelorMittal and later chief executive officer of ArcelorMittal Europe, roles in which he helped steer the enlarged group through the commodity boom of the mid-2000s and the global financial crisis that followed.<ref name="wharton" /><ref name="am_results" /> During the late 2000s he focused on deleveraging and cost discipline, and under his financial stewardship the company significantly reduced its net debt from levels above US$20 billion.<ref name="am_results" /> In 2018 he was appointed president of ArcelorMittal, formalising his role in overall group strategy; the company’s announcement highlighted his contribution to performance and long-term positioning.<ref name="am_president">{{cite web |url=https://corporate.arcelormittal.com/media/press-releases/aditya-mittal-appointed-president-of-arcelormittal |title=Aditya Mittal appointed President of ArcelorMittal |publisher=ArcelorMittal |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> In February 2021, following a period in which he increasingly represented the group to investors and policymakers, he succeeded Lakshmi Mittal as CEO of ArcelorMittal, while his father moved to the role of executive chairman.<ref name="earnings">{{cite web |url=https://mlq.ai/stocks/ARRD.DE/earnings-call-transcript/Q2-2021 |title=ArcelorMittal SA Q2 2021 earnings call transcript |publisher=mlq.ai |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref><ref name="finexp" />
🌱 '''Decarbonisation and the XCarb initiative.''' As CEO, Mittal has placed particular emphasis on preparing ArcelorMittal for a lower-carbon economy. Under his leadership the company launched the “XCarb” programme, an umbrella for its low-carbon products, decarbonisation projects and green-innovation investments, and committed to reducing its carbon-emissions intensity by 25% by 2030, with a longer-term goal of net-zero emissions by 2050.<ref name="am_results" /> The group has announced substantial capital expenditure on technologies such as hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI) plants and carbon-capture solutions, including a multibillion-euro decarbonisation plan for major integrated sites in France.<ref name="am_results" /><ref name="stocktitan">{{cite web |url=https://www.stocktitan.net/news/MT/arcelor-mittal-provides-update-on-its-european-decarbonization-k616cxs37pmg.html |title=ArcelorMittal provides update on its European decarbonization plans |publisher=StockTitan |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> In public statements, Mittal has argued that steelmaking can make a significant contribution to global net-zero goals, while also stressing the need for regulatory support and viable business models for “green steel”.<ref name="am_results" /><ref name="worldsteel">{{cite web |url=https://worldsteel.org/wp-content/uploads/3a.-Implementation-and-activities-ArcelorMittal.pdf |title=ArcelorMittal roadmap to net zero |publisher=World Steel Association |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref>
🤖 '''Digitalisation and operational efficiency.''' In parallel with decarbonisation, Mittal has advocated the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies across ArcelorMittal’s operations. As head of the European business he promoted the use of advanced analytics, automation and artificial intelligence to improve yields, reduce energy consumption and enhance safety, and described digitalisation as a milestone for the company’s long-term competitiveness.<ref name="am_digital">{{cite web |url=https://europe.arcelormittal.com/newsandmedia/pressreleases/3796/EuropeMediaDay |title=ArcelorMittal Europe leads the future of steel with digitalisation |publisher=ArcelorMittal Europe |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> These initiatives have continued under his tenure as CEO, with pilot projects expanding to broader roll-outs in areas such as predictive maintenance and supply-chain optimisation.<ref name="am_results" />
🌏 '''Essar Steel and expansion in India.''' A major strategic move associated with Mittal’s leadership was ArcelorMittal’s long-sought entry into the Indian steel market through the acquisition of Essar Steel India. After a protracted insolvency process and legal proceedings, a consortium of ArcelorMittal and Japan’s Nippon Steel acquired Essar Steel for around US$6 billion in 2019, giving the group a substantial integrated presence in one of the world’s fastest-growing steel-consuming economies.<ref name="essar_sage">{{cite web |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09728201241232207 |title=ArcelorMittal Steel's Essar acquisition: a long legal battle |publisher=SAGE Publications |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref><ref name="essar_bt">{{cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/aditya-mittal-to-head-essar-steel-india-management-after-supreme-court-sc-clears-takeover-by-arcelormittal-238842-2019-11-16 |title=SC nod to ArcelorMittal's Essar Steel takeover |publisher=Business Today |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> Mittal chairs the board of ArcelorMittal Nippon Steel India (AM/NS India), which has since embarked on capacity-expansion projects and further downstream investments.<ref name="finexp" />
💰 '''Financial performance under his leadership.''' The period around Mittal’s promotion to CEO coincided with a strong cyclical recovery in steel demand after the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021 ArcelorMittal reported operating income of US$17.0 billion (up from US$2.1 billion in 2020) and EBITDA of US$19.4 billion, its best results in more than a decade, with net income of US$15 billion.<ref name="am_results" /> The company returned US$6.7 billion to shareholders that year through dividends and share buy-backs, retiring around 19% of its outstanding shares and contributing to a doubling of the share price from the lows of early 2020 to late 2021.<ref name="am_results" /> Over the longer term, ArcelorMittal has continued to reduce net debt to low single-digit billions of dollars, maintained an investment-grade credit rating and, according to analysts, has broadly matched or outperformed many global steel peers on profitability during Mittal’s senior-management tenure.<ref name="am_results" /><ref name="hausa">{{cite web |url=https://360hausa.ng/aditya-mittal-biography-net-worth-salary-arcelormittal/ |title=Aditya Mittal biography, net worth and salary |publisher=360Hausa.ng |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref>
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💼 '''Executive compensation.''' As CEO of ArcelorMittal, Mittal receives a remuneration package combining a fixed base salary, annual cash bonuses and long-term equity incentives. Public disclosures indicate a base salary of around US$1.8 million, with total compensation in recent years typically in the range of US$10 million to US$12 million depending on performance against financial and non-financial targets.<ref name="remun2024">{{cite web |url=https://corporate.arcelormittal.com/media/jgyd2yol/remuneration-report-2024.pdf |title=ArcelorMittal remuneration report 2024 |publisher=ArcelorMittal |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> Short-term bonuses are linked to metrics such as EBITDA, safety performance and emissions reductions, while long-term incentive plans grant performance share units that vest over several years.<ref name="remun2021">{{cite web |url=https://corporate.arcelormittal.com/media/4vsfpypt/220331-remuneration-report-2021.pdf |title=ArcelorMittal remuneration report 2021 |publisher=ArcelorMittal |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> Company policy allows for annual bonuses up to 200% of base salary in the case of exceptional performance, and during the industry downturn of 2020 Mittal and other senior executives accepted temporary reductions in fixed pay.<ref name="remun2024" /><ref name="remun2021" />
🏦 '''Net worth and family holdings.''' Although he is not routinely listed as a separate billionaire on major wealth rankings, estimates place Mittal’s personal net worth in the high nine-figure to low ten-figure range, reflecting both his own assets and his position in the Mittal family business empire.<ref name="hausa" /> Unlike some founder-CEOs, he holds only a small direct shareholding in ArcelorMittal (around 0.05% of the company), with the family’s roughly 37% stake largely controlled by his father Lakshmi.<ref name="simplywall">{{cite web |url=https://simplywall.st/stocks/us/materials/otc-amsy.f/arcelormittal/management |title=ArcelorMittal leadership and management team analysis |publisher=Simply Wall St |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref><ref name="finexp" /> Lakshmi Mittal’s net worth has been estimated at more than US$16 billion, and Aditya is widely regarded as his heir apparent in the family’s holdings.<ref name="finexp" /> In 2025, Aditya Mittal’s financial capacity drew attention when he agreed, in a personal capacity, to invest around US$1 billion as part of a consortium acquiring the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association, positioning him as one of the franchise’s largest shareholders and an alternate governor.<ref name="reuters_celtics" />
📊 '''Board roles and investment interests.''' Beyond his executive responsibilities, Mittal has held a number of board and advisory roles that reflect his interest in finance and technology as well as industry. He has served on the Wharton School’s Board of Advisors, offering strategic input to his alma mater and mentoring students.<ref name="wharton" /><ref name="aperam" /> He was also a board member of Iconiq Capital, a Silicon Valley–based investment firm known for managing the assets of technology entrepreneurs and for investments in growth-stage companies, and has sat on boards of ArcelorMittal subsidiaries and related companies, including the stainless-steel producer Aperam in its early years.<ref name="aperam" /> These positions, together with personal investments such as the Celtics stake, illustrate a financial profile that extends beyond steel into broader capital-markets and technology networks.<ref name="reuters_celtics" /><ref name="hausa" />
🧾 '''Approach to personal finances and philanthropy.''' Profiles of Mittal frequently describe him as financially conservative in his personal habits, noting that he tends to avoid conspicuous consumption and high-risk speculation and that he scrutinises corporate capital allocation with an attention to risk that mirrors private household budgeting.<ref name="gq" /> Much of his wealth remains tied to the steel business and to long-term investments associated with the family, and he has channelled part of his resources into philanthropic projects in education and healthcare, particularly in the United Kingdom and India.<ref name="finexp" /><ref name="megha_wiki" />
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🏠 '''Marriage and family.''' Mittal is married to Megha Mittal (née Patodia), whom he met while both were students at the University of Pennsylvania.<ref name="gq" /><ref name="megha_wiki" /> Megha, a Wharton graduate with experience in finance at Goldman Sachs, later became known as a fashion entrepreneur after acquiring the German luxury brand Escada out of bankruptcy in 2009 and leading its repositioning.<ref name="megha_wiki" /> The couple married in 1998 in a high-profile ceremony at Kolkata’s Victoria Memorial that attracted international media coverage for its scale and guest list, including film stars and business leaders.<ref name="gq" /> Despite the publicity surrounding the wedding and their family’s prominence, accounts of Mittal’s private life depict a relatively low-key household focused on work and family rather than celebrity social circuits.<ref name="gq" /><ref name="finexp" />
▲== Financials and Governance ==
👨👩👧👦 '''Children and upbringing.''' Aditya and Megha Mittal are reported to have three children and to maintain their principal residence in the Kensington area of London.<ref name="finexp" /> Mittal has spoken about efforts to maintain a degree of normalcy despite his professional commitments, including having breakfast with his children and participating in school routines when possible, and about the influence of his mother, Usha Mittal, in shaping his and his sister’s sense of family responsibility and humility.<ref name="finexp" /> At home, the family is said to balance Indian and international identities, speaking Marwari and Hindi alongside English and placing emphasis on education and hard work.<ref name="finexp" />
🎾 '''Sports and leisure interests.''' Sport plays a significant role in Mittal’s personal life. He is an enthusiastic squash player and has been profiled playing regularly at the Bath & Racquets Club in London’s Mayfair district, using the game both as exercise and as an informal networking opportunity with other executives and officials.<ref name="gq" /> He is also a long-standing supporter of the English football club Arsenal and has been described as a keen follower of basketball since his investment in the Boston Celtics, often attending matches with family members.<ref name="gq" /><ref name="reuters_celtics" /> For vacations, Mittal is reported to prefer relatively low-key family trips, including visits to India for festivals and skiing holidays in Europe, where he has wryly noted that the cables of some ski lifts are made from his company’s steel.<ref name="gq" />
🧠 '''Management style and personality.''' Colleagues and journalists have generally portrayed Mittal’s management style as collegial and detail-oriented rather than domineering.<ref name="gq" /> In meetings he is often described as analytical and soft-spoken, listening extensively before intervening, and as prepared to delve into spreadsheets and operational data while ultimately taking clear decisions.<ref name="gq" /><ref name="aperam" /> A widely reported anecdote recounts his personal involvement in the design of an architecturally distinctive steel beam nicknamed “Angelina”, reflecting a continued interest in the technical aspects of steelmaking.<ref name="gq" /> Under his leadership ArcelorMittal has launched internal programmes aimed at developing young leaders, and accounts from insiders emphasise that while he sets demanding targets, he is known for asking probing but measured questions rather than resorting to confrontational tactics.<ref name="aperam" /><ref name="finexp" />
▲== Personal Life ==
🎗️ '''Philanthropy.''' Mittal and his family have engaged in philanthropy focused largely on health and education. In the United Kingdom, the Mittals have made significant donations to Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, including a gift of around £15 million that has been cited as one of the largest private contributions received by the institution.<ref name="megha_wiki" /> In India, the family has supported paediatric healthcare and nutrition initiatives through charitable vehicles associated with Aditya’s parents, and has endowed scholarships and educational programmes in Rajasthan and at international universities, including contributions to South Asian studies at Harvard and support for research at Wharton.<ref name="megha_wiki" /><ref name="finexp" /> Mittal has stated that improving healthcare outcomes for children is a priority for the family’s giving and has contrasted the societal impact of such work with the commercial goals of expanding steel output.<ref name="finexp" />
🍽️ '''Lifestyle and public image.''' Public profiles commonly note that Mittal’s personal style is relatively understated for a billionaire industrialist: he is frequently photographed in simple dark business suits and has joked about his reluctance to wear ties except when required for formal board meetings.<ref name="gq" /> He is known to dine at high-end restaurants such as Nobu in London but is also reported to enjoy informal family meals and Indian street food, reflecting his Kolkata roots.<ref name="gq" /><ref name="finexp" /> Overall, his public image is that of a cosmopolitan but family-oriented executive who maintains a measured profile despite the scale of the company he leads.<ref name="gq" /><ref name="finexp" />
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== Controversies and
⚔️ '''
🏭 '''Industrial relations in France.''' Tensions between ArcelorMittal and French authorities resurfaced in 2012 in connection with the planned closure of two blast furnaces at the Florange site in eastern France. The announcement prompted protests by workers and sharp criticism from members of the French government, including threats of temporary nationalisation of the plant.<ref name="guardian_france" /> A compromise was eventually reached under which ArcelorMittal agreed to maintain certain operations and invest in the site, while the government abandoned the nationalisation proposal, but the episode reinforced the company’s image as a symbol in domestic debates over de-industrialisation and globalisation.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mittal-france-deal-unions-accuse-francois-hollande-of-betrayal-506263 |title=Mittal-France deal: unions accuse Francois Hollande of betrayal |publisher=NDTV |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref><ref name="france24">{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20121201-france-180-million-deal-arcelormittal-steelworks |title=France backs down on ArcelorMittal nationalisation |publisher=France 24 |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> Similar disputes have periodically arisen in other European countries in response to plant closures or restructuring plans, underscoring the balance Mittal must strike between cost reductions and social expectations in legacy industrial regions.<ref name="guardian_france" />
⛏️ '''Kazakhstan mine disaster and safety record.''' One of the most serious crises during Mittal’s leadership concerned ArcelorMittal’s operations in Kazakhstan. In October 2023, a methane explosion at the Kostenko coal mine, operated by the company’s local subsidiary, killed dozens of miners and injured many others, in the context of a longer history of accidents at the group’s Kazakh mines.<ref name="rferl">{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-arcelormittal-takeover-coal-mine/32722336.html |title=Kazakhstan in takeover of ArcelorMittal subsidiary following deadly coal mine |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> In the aftermath, the president of Kazakhstan criticised the company’s safety record and the government moved to take over ArcelorMittal’s Kazakh assets, culminating in a deal under which the state assumed control of the mines and steelworks for a reported consideration of around US$286 million.<ref name="rferl" /> Mittal visited the country following the disaster, met officials and families of the victims and described the accident as the worst day of his career, committing the group to strengthen safety management and commissioning external reviews of high-risk sites.<ref name="am_kaz_note">{{cite web |url=https://corporate.arcelormittal.com/media/cases-studies/message-from-our-ceo-aditya-mittal-regarding-tragic-accident-in-kazakhstan/ |title=Message from our CEO Aditya Mittal regarding tragic accident in Kazakhstan |publisher=ArcelorMittal |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref> The incident drew sustained scrutiny of ArcelorMittal’s global health-and-safety practices and has been cited as a key test of Mittal’s efforts to embed a stronger safety culture.<ref name="rferl" /><ref name="am_kaz_note" />
♻️ '''Climate policy and decarbonisation debates.''' ArcelorMittal’s status as one of the world’s largest steelmakers also makes it a major industrial emitter of carbon dioxide, and Mittal has faced pressure from investors and non-governmental organisations over the pace of the company’s emissions-reduction plans. Reports by advocacy groups have criticised aspects of the firm’s climate strategy and alleged instances of lobbying against stricter regulation, while simultaneously acknowledging the scale of announced investments in low-carbon technologies.<ref name="steelwatch">{{cite web |url=https://steelwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ArcelorMittal_Corporate_Climate_Assessment_2025.pdf |title=Backtracking on climate action: ArcelorMittal corporate climate assessment 2025 |publisher=SteelWatch |accessdate=2025-11-20}}</ref><ref name="worldsteel" /> ArcelorMittal has stated that it reduced its European carbon emissions by around 30% between 2018 and 2022, partly through capacity adjustments, and in 2021 raised its company-wide 2030 emissions-intensity reduction target from 20% to 25% under combined regulatory and investor pressure.<ref name="am_results" /><ref name="stocktitan" /> In addition to the XCarb projects, Mittal oversaw the creation of a US$100 million XCarb innovation fund to invest in emerging technologies such as green hydrogen and carbon capture.<ref name="am_results" /> While some analysts view ArcelorMittal as relatively proactive on climate issues compared with parts of the heavy-industry sector, environmental groups have continued to call for faster closure or conversion of coal-based assets, highlighting the tension between decarbonisation timelines and commercial constraints.<ref name="steelwatch" /><ref name="worldsteel" />
📚 '''Governance, succession and strategic outlook.''' On governance matters, Mittal’s succession to the CEO role attracted commentary because of the family’s controlling stake in ArcelorMittal and concerns about dynastic leadership in large public companies. Some shareholder-advisory firms have at times given the group low scores on aspects of governance, reflecting the concentration of voting power, even while acknowledging Mittal’s operational track record.<ref name="simplywall" /> When he became CEO in 2021, ArcelorMittal formalised the separation of the roles of CEO and chair, with Lakshmi Mittal remaining as executive chairman, a structure that observers viewed as partly addressing those concerns.<ref name="earnings" /><ref name="am_president" /> Mittal has described his approach to strategy as oriented towards long-term value creation, arguing that sustained investment in decarbonisation, efficiency and selectively chosen acquisitions can position the company to handle commodity-cycle volatility and evolving regulatory expectations.<ref name="hausa" /> During the COVID-19 downturn, for example, the group combined cost-reduction measures and asset sales with continued spending on priority projects, a stance he has encapsulated with the remark that enduring short-term pressure is often necessary to secure longer-term gains.<ref name="hausa" /><ref name="am_results" />
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== References ==
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