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Created page with "<includeonly> {{#switch: {{{1|}}} | Aetna = American health insurance company; corporate wellness programs | adenosine = Brain chemical building sleep pressure; neuromodulator | American College of Physicians = U.S. physicians’ society; publishes clinical guidelines | amygdala = Brain region for emotion processing; limbic structure | Andrew Gelman = Statistician and professor; Columbia University | anterior cingulate = Brain region for emotion and conflict monito..."
 
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| AAA Foundation = U.S. road-safety research nonprofit; crash risk studies
| Aetna = American health insurance company; corporate wellness programs
| Aetna = American health insurance company; corporate wellness programs
| ATR = Japanese research institute in Kyoto; neuroscience and AI
| adenosine = Brain chemical building sleep pressure; neuromodulator
| adenosine = Brain chemical building sleep pressure; neuromodulator
| Ambien = Brand name of zolpidem; prescription sleep aid
| Alzheimer’s = Neurodegenerative disease; leading cause of dementia
| American College of Physicians = U.S. physicians’ society; publishes clinical guidelines
| American College of Physicians = U.S. physicians’ society; publishes clinical guidelines
| amygdala = Brain region for emotion processing; limbic structure
| amygdala = Brain region for emotion processing; limbic structure
| Andrew Gelman = Statistician and professor; Columbia University
| Andrew Gelman = Statistician and professor; Columbia University
| anterior cingulate = Brain region for emotion and conflict monitoring; limbic-cortical area
| anterior cingulate = Brain region for emotion and conflict monitoring; limbic-cortical area
| antibody = Protein made by immune system; binds specific antigens; defense against infection
| Annals = Medical journal; publishes clinical research
| Annals = Medical journal; publishes clinical research
| Anu Valtonen = Scholar; author in Organization Studies
| Anu Valtonen = Scholar; author in Organization Studies
| atonia = Loss of muscle tone; normal during REM sleep to prevent movement
| autism = Neurodevelopmental condition; differences in communication and behavior
| benzodiazepines = Sedative-hypnotic drug class; anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects
| biphasic sleep = Two-sleep pattern; main sleep plus daytime nap
| Björn Rasch = Sleep researcher; studies memory reactivation
| Björn Rasch = Sleep researcher; studies memory reactivation
| boxed warning = Strong safety warning on drug labels; required by U.S. FDA
| Breathalyzer = Portable device estimating blood alcohol via breath; sobriety test
| Brigham and Women’s Hospital = Boston teaching hospital; Harvard-affiliated
| Brigham and Women’s Hospital = Boston teaching hospital; Harvard-affiliated
| Brown University = Ivy League university in Rhode Island; research institution
| Brown University = Ivy League university in Rhode Island; research institution
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| CDC = U.S. public health agency; disease surveillance
| CDC = U.S. public health agency; disease surveillance
| CBT-I = Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia; structured sleep treatment
| CBT-I = Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia; structured sleep treatment
| Cambrian explosion = Rapid early diversification of animal life; evolutionary event
| cataplexy = Sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by emotion; narcolepsy symptom
| Center for Human Sleep Science = UC Berkeley research center; studies sleep and health
| Center for Human Sleep Science = UC Berkeley research center; studies sleep and health
| cardiovascular strain = Stress on heart and blood vessels; elevated workload on cardiovascular system
| chronic insomnia = Long-lasting difficulty sleeping; sleep disorder; persists at least months
| circadian biology = Study of daily biological rhythms; timing systems governing physiology and behavior
| circadian clock = Internal 24-hour timing system; regulates physiology and behavior
| circadian misalignment = Misalignment between internal circadian clock and external schedule; impairs sleep and health
| circadian pacemaker = Internal clock mechanism; governs daily rhythms
| circadian pacemaker = Internal clock mechanism; governs daily rhythms
| circadian rhythms = Biological 24-hour cycles; regulate physiology and behavior
| circadian rhythms = Biological 24-hour cycles; regulate physiology and behavior
| circadian timing = Internal clock phase and schedule; biological rhythm alignment
| Clive Cookson = Science journalist; Financial Times
| Clive Cookson = Science journalist; Financial Times
| Columbia University = Ivy League university in New York; research university
| Columbia University = Ivy League university in New York; research university
| complex sleep behaviors = Rare dangerous actions after hypnotics; sleepwalking, driving, cooking
| cortex = Outer brain layer; supports perception, cognition, and voluntary movement
| delirium tremens = Severe alcohol withdrawal state; hallucinations and agitation
| Denmark = Nordic country in Northern Europe; welfare state
| dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) = Marker of circadian phase; melatonin rise under dim light
| dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) = Marker of circadian phase; melatonin rise under dim light
| Dmitri Mendeleev = Russian chemist; periodic table creator
| Dmitri Mendeleev = Russian chemist; periodic table creator
| disk-over-water method = Rat sleep deprivation technique; prevents dozing by movement
| disk-over-water method = Rat sleep deprivation technique; prevents dozing by movement
| dorsolateral prefrontal cortex = Brain region for executive control; frontal lobe area
| dorsolateral prefrontal cortex = Brain region for executive control; frontal lobe area
| drowsy driving = Driving while sleepy; impaired alertness; crash risk
| Edina, Minnesota = City in Minnesota; changed school start times
| EEG = Electroencephalography; measures brain electrical activity
| EEG = Electroencephalography; measures brain electrical activity
| EOG = Electrooculography; records eye movements
| EOG = Electrooculography; records eye movements
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| Els van der Helm = Sleep researcher; studied REM and emotion
| Els van der Helm = Sleep researcher; studied REM and emotion
| EnergyPod = Workplace napping chair; privacy visor and audio
| EnergyPod = Workplace napping chair; privacy visor and audio
| epidemiology = Study of disease patterns in populations; public health science
| eszopiclone = Prescription hypnotic; non-benzodiazepine sleep aid
| eszopiclone = Prescription hypnotic; non-benzodiazepine sleep aid
| Eugene Aserinsky = Sleep researcher; co-discoverer of REM
| Eugene Aserinsky = Sleep researcher; co-discoverer of REM
| fatal familial insomnia = Genetic prion disease causing progressive insomnia
| fatal familial insomnia = Genetic prion disease causing progressive insomnia
| Financial Times = International business newspaper; UK-based
| Financial Times = International business newspaper; UK-based
| first-night effect = Lighter sleep in unfamiliar settings; hemispheric asymmetry phenomenon
| Fresh Air = NPR interview program; cultural and news topics
| Fresh Air = NPR interview program; cultural and news topics
| fMRI = Functional MRI; brain activity via blood flow
| fMRI = Functional MRI; brain activity via blood flow
| frontal lobes = Brain regions behind forehead; executive functions
| frontotemporal = Relating to frontal and temporal brain lobes; neuroanatomy term
| ghrelin = Hormone increasing appetite; rises with sleep loss
| ghrelin = Hormone increasing appetite; rises with sleep loss
| glucose tolerance = Body’s ability to manage blood sugar after glucose load; metabolic function
| Google = American technology company; search and ads
| Google = American technology company; search and ads
| GPA = Grade point average; academic performance metric
| Guinness = Record-keeping organization; publishes world records
| Guinness = Record-keeping organization; publishes world records
| half-life = Time for a substance’s concentration to decrease by half; pharmacokinetics measure
| healthspan = Years lived in good health; longevity concept
| hippocampal place cells = Neurons encoding spatial location; fire at specific places during navigation and sleep
| hippocampal–cortical dialogue = Information exchange between hippocampus and cortex; memory consolidation process
| hippocampus = Brain region for memory formation; limbic structure
| hippocampus = Brain region for memory formation; limbic structure
| homeostatic sleep pressure = Build-up of sleep need across wakefulness; dissipates during sleep
| hypertension = Chronically elevated blood pressure; cardiovascular risk factor
| Ikaria = Greek island; noted for longevity
| International Agency for Research on Cancer = WHO cancer research agency; carcinogen classifications
| International Agency for Research on Cancer = WHO cancer research agency; carcinogen classifications
| International Space Station = Orbiting research laboratory; multinational space station
| idiopathic RBD = REM sleep behavior disorder without known cause; early neurodegeneration marker
| immune suppression = Reduced immune system activity; lower defense against infection
| inflammation = Immune tissue response to injury or infection; redness, heat, swelling
| insulin resistance = Reduced response to insulin; impairs glucose uptake; prediabetes risk
| Isamu Akasaki = Japanese engineer; Nobel laureate for blue LEDs
| JAMA = Medical journal; American Medical Association
| JAMA = Medical journal; American Medical Association
| Jan Born = German neuroscientist; sleep and memory research
| Jan Born = German neuroscientist; sleep and memory research
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| jet lag = Circadian misalignment after time-zone travel; temporary sleep disruption
| jet lag = Circadian misalignment after time-zone travel; temporary sleep disruption
| John Ross = Physician; monitored Randy Gardner experiment
| John Ross = Physician; monitored Randy Gardner experiment
| Keith Richards = British musician; Rolling Stones guitarist
| Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave = Limestone cave system in Kentucky; national park
| Kentucky’s Mammoth Cave = Limestone cave system in Kentucky; national park
| Kirkus Reviews = American book review magazine; pre-publication reviews
| Kirkus Reviews = American book review magazine; pre-publication reviews
| Kyoto = City in Japan; cultural and academic center
| LED = Light-emitting diode; common display and lighting technology
| leptin = Hormone reducing appetite; lowered by sleep restriction
| leptin = Hormone reducing appetite; lowered by sleep restriction
| lethargus = Sleep-like quiescent state in nematodes; developmental transition
| locus coeruleus = Brainstem noradrenergic nucleus; arousal and vigilance
| locus coeruleus = Brainstem noradrenergic nucleus; arousal and vigilance
| Lower Manhattan = Southern part of Manhattan, New York City; financial and historic area
| lucid dreaming = Dreaming with awareness of dreaming; allows some voluntary control
| Lunesta = Brand name of eszopiclone; prescription sleep aid
| Lyon = City in France; historical and cultural center
| Lyon = City in France; historical and cultural center
| Mahtomedi = City in Minnesota; later school start times case
| Mark Bertolini = American executive; Aetna former CEO
| Mark O’Connell = Writer and critic; contributor to The Guardian
| Mark O’Connell = Writer and critic; contributor to The Guardian
| Mary Carskadon = Sleep researcher; adolescent circadian studies
| Mary Carskadon = Sleep researcher; adolescent circadian studies
| Mary Shelley = British novelist; author of Frankenstein
| Matthew P. Walker = Neuroscientist and author; sleep science popularizer
| Matthew P. Walker = Neuroscientist and author; sleep science popularizer
| meta-analysis = Statistical synthesis of results across studies; evidence aggregation
| melatonin = Hormone regulating sleep timing; darkness signal
| melatonin = Hormone regulating sleep timing; darkness signal
| melanopsin = Retinal photopigment; blue-light sensitive
| melanopsin = Retinal photopigment; blue-light sensitive
| metabolic dysregulation = Disrupted metabolic control; altered hormones and energy balance
| Michael Corke = American music teacher; fatal familial insomnia case
| Michel Jouvet = French neurophysiologist; REM sleep pioneer
| Michel Jouvet = French neurophysiologist; REM sleep pioneer
| microsleeps = Brief unintended sleep episodes; seconds-long lapses causing attention failures
| monophasic sleep = Single consolidated sleep period; modern human pattern
| motor cortex = Brain region controlling voluntary movement; frontal lobe area
| MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging; structural and functional brain scans
| MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging; structural and functional brain scans
| Murray Raskind = Psychiatrist; prazosin study in veterans
| myocardiaI infarctions = Heart attacks; blockage of coronary blood flow causing heart muscle damage
| NASA = U.S. space agency; research and exploration
| NASA = U.S. space agency; research and exploration
| NASA Ames = NASA research center in California; aviation and space research
| NASA Ames = NASA research center in California; aviation and space research
| Nathaniel Kleitman = Sleep researcher; REM co-discoverer with Aserinsky
| Nathaniel Kleitman = Sleep researcher; REM co-discoverer with Aserinsky
| natural killer cells = Innate immune lymphocytes; kill virus-infected or tumor cells
| Navy = Maritime branch of a nation’s armed forces; naval service
| Nature = Scientific journal; multidisciplinary research
| Nature = Scientific journal; multidisciplinary research
| Narcolepsy = Sleep disorder with sudden REM intrusions; excessive daytime sleepiness
| Narcolepsy = Sleep disorder with sudden REM intrusions; excessive daytime sleepiness
| neurodegeneration = Progressive loss of neurons or function; nervous system disease process
| neurotransmission = Communication between neurons via chemical or electrical signals; synaptic signaling
| New England Journal of Medicine = Medical journal; clinical research and reviews
| New England Journal of Medicine = Medical journal; clinical research and reviews
| New York Times = American newspaper; national and international coverage
| New York Times = American newspaper; national and international coverage
| Nike = American athletic apparel company
| Nobel Prize = International awards for achievements; sciences, literature, peace
| Nobel Prize = International awards for achievements; sciences, literature, peace
| noradrenaline = Alternate name for norepinephrine; neurotransmitter for arousal and stress
| norepinephrine = Neurotransmitter and hormone; arousal and stress signaling
| norepinephrine = Neurotransmitter and hormone; arousal and stress signaling
| NPR = American public radio network; news and culture
| NPR = American public radio network; news and culture
| NREM = Non-rapid eye movement sleep; restorative sleep stage supporting memory and recovery
| Number Reduction Task = Cognitive task with hidden rule; insight measure
| Number Reduction Task = Cognitive task with hidden rule; insight measure
| oneiric scenes = Dream-like sequences or images; relating to dreams
| optic chiasm = X-shaped optic nerve crossing; landmark beneath hypothalamus
| Organization Studies = Academic journal; management and organization research
| Organization Studies = Academic journal; management and organization research
| orexin = Neuropeptide promoting wakefulness; hypocretin
| orexin = Neuropeptide promoting wakefulness; hypocretin
| Otto Loewi = Pharmacologist; discovered chemical neurotransmission
| Otto Loewi = Pharmacologist; discovered chemical neurotransmission
| Paul McCartney = British musician; member of the Beatles
| Parkinson’s spectrum disease = Neurodegenerative disorders related to Parkinson’s; movement and sleep symptoms
| Parkinson’s spectrum disease = Neurodegenerative disorders related to Parkinson’s; movement and sleep symptoms
| Pearl Street Station = Early central power station in Lower Manhattan; Edison project
| periodic table = Chemical element arrangement; organizes periodic properties
| periodic table = Chemical element arrangement; organizes periodic properties
| PET = Positron emission tomography; imaging of metabolism
| PET = Positron emission tomography; imaging of metabolism
| Pierre Maquet = Neuroscientist; mapped REM brain activity
| Pierre Maquet = Neuroscientist; mapped REM brain activity
| pinnipeds = Aquatic fin-footed mammals; seals, sea lions, walruses
| placebo = Inactive treatment used as control in trials; comparison baseline
| polyphasic sleep = Multiple sleep periods within 24 hours
| polysomnographic sleep efficiency = Proportion of time asleep on polysomnography; objective sleep metric
| polysomnography = Multichannel sleep recording; combines EEG, EOG, and other measures to stage sleep
| PRNP = Gene encoding prion protein; implicated in prion diseases
| PRNP D178N mutation = PRNP gene variant; linked to fatal familial insomnia
| PRNP D178N mutation = PRNP gene variant; linked to fatal familial insomnia
| prediabetic = Having elevated blood sugar below diabetes threshold; prediabetes state
| prazosin = Alpha-1 blocker medication; reduces nightmares in PTSD
| psychomotor vigilance task = Reaction-time test; measures attention lapses
| psychomotor vigilance task = Reaction-time test; measures attention lapses
| Publishers Weekly = American trade magazine; book industry news
| Publishers Weekly = American trade magazine; book industry news
| PTSD = Post-traumatic stress disorder; trauma-related psychiatric condition
| Randy Gardner = Student who set famed sleep deprivation record attempt
| Randy Gardner = Student who set famed sleep deprivation record attempt
| REM atonia circuit = Brainstem pathway causing REM paralysis; prevents movement during dreams
| REM intrusions = REM features intruding into wakefulness; narcolepsy-related symptom
| REM paralysis = Muscle paralysis during REM sleep; prevents dream enactment
| REM sleep = Sleep stage with rapid eye movements; vivid dreaming
| REM sleep = Sleep stage with rapid eye movements; vivid dreaming
| REM sleep behavior disorder = Disorder with dream enactment; REM atonia failure
| REM sleep behavior disorder = Disorder with dream enactment; REM atonia failure
| Robert Stickgold = Cognitive neuroscientist; sleep and memory researcher
| Rush University = Chicago health sciences university; medical center
| SAT = Standardized college admission test; U.S. exam
| San Diego = City in California; coastal metropolis
| San Diego = City in California; coastal metropolis
| SCN = Suprachiasmatic nucleus; master circadian clock
| SCN = Suprachiasmatic nucleus; master circadian clock
| Scribner = American publishing imprint; Simon & Schuster imprint
| Scribner = American publishing imprint; Simon & Schuster imprint
| Sleep is your superpower = TED talk by Matthew Walker; popular sleep talk
| Sleep is your superpower = TED talk by Matthew Walker; popular sleep talk
| Sleeping with Science = TED video series about sleep; short episodes for public learning
| sleep disorders = Medical conditions disrupting sleep quality or timing
| sleep disorders = Medical conditions disrupting sleep quality or timing
| sleep hygiene = Behaviors and environment promoting good sleep; routines and light management
| sleep latency = Time to fall asleep after lights out; sleep-onset measure
| sleep paralysis = Transient inability to move at sleep onset or upon waking; REM-related
| sleep restriction = CBT-I technique; curtails time in bed to increase sleep pressure and efficiency
| sleep spindles = NREM oscillation bursts; markers of memory consolidation
| sleep spindles = NREM oscillation bursts; markers of memory consolidation
| slow-wave sleep = Deep NREM stage with low-frequency waves; restorative sleep
| Stanford = Research university in California; private
| Stanford = Research university in California; private
| Stephen LaBerge = Psychophysiologist; pioneered lucid dreaming research
| Stephen LaBerge = Psychophysiologist; pioneered lucid dreaming research
| stimulus control = CBT-I technique; strengthens bed-sleep association by limiting wakeful time in bed
| suprachiasmatic nucleus = Hypothalamic master clock; synchronizes circadian rhythms
| suprachiasmatic nucleus = Hypothalamic master clock; synchronizes circadian rhythms
| SWS = Slow-wave sleep; deep NREM stage
| SWS = Slow-wave sleep; deep NREM stage
| TED = Nonprofit talks platform; ideas and conferences
| TED = Nonprofit talks platform; ideas and conferences
| Teton County, Wyoming = County in Wyoming; later school start times case
| thalamic nuclei = Groups of neurons in the thalamus; sensory relay hubs
| thalamus = Brain relay center for sensory signals; regulates arousal and sleep
| The Guardian = British newspaper; national and international news
| The Guardian = British newspaper; national and international news
| The New Yorker = American magazine; essays and investigative reporting
| The New Yorker = American magazine; essays and investigative reporting
| The Sunday Times = British newspaper; weekend edition of The Times
| The Sunday Times = British newspaper; weekend edition of The Times
| Thomas Edison = American inventor and businessman; electrical power pioneer
| Times Higher Education = Magazine covering universities; rankings and academic news
| Times Higher Education = Magazine covering universities; rankings and academic news
| U.S. = United States; country in North America
| U.S. = United States; country in North America
| U.S. FDA = U.S. drug regulator; Food and Drug Administration
| U.S. FDA = U.S. drug regulator; Food and Drug Administration
| UCLA = University of California, Los Angeles; public research university
| UC Berkeley’s Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab = UC Berkeley research lab; sleep and brain imaging
| UC Berkeley’s Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab = UC Berkeley research lab; sleep and brain imaging
| UK = Sovereign country in Europe; island nation
| UK = Sovereign country in Europe; island nation
| unihemispheric sleep = Sleep with one brain hemisphere active; seen in dolphins and some birds
| United States = Country in North America; federal republic
| United States = Country in North America; federal republic
| University of California, Berkeley = Public research university in California; UC Berkeley
| University of California, Berkeley = Public research university in California; UC Berkeley
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| University of Lübeck = German public university; medical and science focus
| University of Lübeck = German public university; medical and science focus
| University of Minnesota = Public research university in Minnesota; Twin Cities campus
| University of Minnesota = Public research university in Minnesota; Twin Cities campus
| University of Pennsylvania = Private Ivy League university in Philadelphia; research institution
| Ursula Voss = Psychologist and neuroscientist; lucid dreaming studies
| Ursula Voss = Psychologist and neuroscientist; lucid dreaming studies
| vagus nerve = Cranial nerve X; parasympathetic control of heart, lungs, and digestion
| vagusstoff = Historical term for acetylcholine; chemical mediator slowing heart rate
| Walter Reed Army Institute of Research = U.S. military medical research institute
| William Dement = Sleep researcher; Stanford sleep medicine pioneer
| William Dement = Sleep researcher; Stanford sleep medicine pioneer
| World Health Organization = United Nations health agency; sets global health standards
| World Health Organization = United Nations health agency; sets global health standards
| Why We Sleep = Popular science book on sleep; by Matthew Walker
| Why We Sleep = Popular science book on sleep; by Matthew Walker
| Yukiyasu Kamitani = Neuroscientist; decoded dream content at ATR
| Zoë Heller = Writer and critic; contributor to The New Yorker
| zaleplon = Prescription sedative hypnotic; short-acting sleep aid
| zaleplon = Prescription sedative hypnotic; short-acting sleep aid
| zolpidem = Prescription sleep medication; sedative hypnotic
| zolpidem = Prescription sleep medication; sedative hypnotic

Latest revision as of 13:50, 12 November 2025

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