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🔄 '''True-up''' is an adjustment mechanism used in insurance transactions and contracts to reconcile preliminary or estimated figures with actual results once definitive data becomes available. In the insurance industry, true-ups appear across a wide range of contexts — from [[Definition:Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) | M&A]] purchase price adjustments and [[Definition:Reinsurance | reinsurance]] premium settlements to [[Definition:Delegated underwriting authority (DUA) | delegated authority]] commission reconciliations and [[Definition:Regulatory capital | regulatory capital]] computations — wherever initial calculations rely on estimates that must later be corrected to reflect reality.

⚙️ In a typical insurance M&A scenario, the purchase agreement sets a closing price based on estimated [[Definition:Net asset value (NAV) | net asset values]], projected [[Definition:Reserves | reserve]] levels, or interim financial statements. After closing, a true-up provision requires the parties to compare those estimates against audited or actuarially reviewed figures and adjust the final consideration accordingly — upward or downward. Similarly, in [[Definition:Reinsurance | reinsurance]] contracts structured on an estimated premium basis, the [[Definition:Ceding company | cedent]] periodically true-ups the premium to reflect actual [[Definition:Gross written premium (GWP) | written]] or [[Definition:Earned premium | earned premiums]], with the balance settled between the parties. [[Definition:Managing general agent (MGA) | MGAs]] and [[Definition:Coverholder | coverholders]] encounter true-ups when provisional [[Definition:Commission | commissions]] linked to [[Definition:Loss ratio | loss ratio]] performance — often called sliding-scale or profit commissions — are adjusted once claims develop to a more mature state.

📊 True-up provisions serve as a critical fairness mechanism, ensuring that neither party in an insurance transaction or contractual relationship bears an unintended windfall or shortfall because of the inherent uncertainty in insurance data. Reserve estimates evolve, premium volumes shift from projections, and [[Definition:Claims | claims]] develop over time — sometimes over many years in long-tail lines such as [[Definition:Liability insurance | liability]] or [[Definition:Workers' compensation insurance | workers' compensation]]. Without robust true-up clauses, parties would be locked into figures that were never intended to be final. Drafting these provisions carefully is essential: disputes over true-up methodologies, reference periods, and the treatment of specific items are among the most common post-closing conflicts in insurance [[Definition:Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) | M&A]] and reinsurance commutations.

'''Related concepts:'''
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Definition:Purchase price adjustment]]
* [[Definition:Reserves]]
* [[Definition:Sliding-scale commission]]
* [[Definition:Earned premium]]
* [[Definition:Loss development]]
* [[Definition:Commutation]]
{{Div col end}}

Definition:True-up - Revision history

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