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📑 '''Surplus treaty''' is a [[Definition:Treaty reinsurance | treaty reinsurance]] agreement structured on a [[Definition:Proportional reinsurance | proportional]] basis in which the [[Definition:Ceding company | ceding insurer]] retains a fixed dollar amount — its [[Definition:Retention | retention]] or "line" — on each risk and automatically cedes the excess to one or more [[Definition:Reinsurer | reinsurers]] up to a stated capacity. The term is widely used as shorthand for [[Definition:Surplus share reinsurance | surplus share reinsurance]] and appears frequently in [[Definition:Reinsurance | reinsurance]] contracts, [[Definition:Lloyd's of London | Lloyd's]] market documentation, and [[Definition:Ceding company | cedent]] financial disclosures. Its distinguishing feature is the risk-by-risk variability of the cession percentage, which sets it apart from [[Definition:Quota share reinsurance | quota share]] treaties where every risk is split uniformly.

⚙️ Under a surplus treaty, the ceding company's [[Definition:Underwriter | underwriters]] classify each risk and determine how much falls within the retained line. Any amount above the retention flows automatically to the treaty — no individual approval from the reinsurer is required, provided the risk fits within the treaty's terms. The treaty specifies capacity in multiples of the cedent's retention (e.g., a "five-line" surplus treaty over a $2 million line provides $10 million of reinsurer capacity per risk). Some programs layer a second or even third surplus treaty on top of the first, creating a tiered structure that can accommodate very large [[Definition:Sum insured | sums insured]] while keeping the cedent's net position manageable.

🌟 The surplus treaty remains a cornerstone of [[Definition:Property insurance | property]] and [[Definition:Marine insurance | marine]] reinsurance programs around the world. Its ability to automatically absorb peak exposures while leaving routine risks in the cedent's hands makes it exceptionally capital-efficient. For [[Definition:Managing general agent (MGA) | MGAs]] and [[Definition:Program administrator | program administrators]] backed by carriers that use surplus treaties, the arrangement directly influences the maximum [[Definition:Line size | line size]] available to the program and the economics passed through via [[Definition:Ceding commission | ceding commissions]]. In an era where [[Definition:Insurtech | insurtech]] platforms are pushing into large-account specialty classes, understanding how surplus treaties shape carrier capacity is fundamental to structuring viable programs.

'''Related concepts'''
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Definition:Surplus share reinsurance]]
* [[Definition:Quota share reinsurance]]
* [[Definition:Treaty reinsurance]]
* [[Definition:Proportional reinsurance]]
* [[Definition:Retention]]
* [[Definition:Excess of loss reinsurance]]
{{Div col end}}

Definition:Surplus treaty - Revision history

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