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🔒 '''Ransomware coverage''' is a component of [[Definition:Cyber insurance | cyber insurance]] policies that indemnifies an insured organization for costs incurred when malicious actors encrypt or exfiltrate the organization's data and demand payment — typically in cryptocurrency — in exchange for restoring access or refraining from publishing sensitive information. As ransomware attacks have escalated from nuisance-level incidents to enterprise-threatening events capable of shutting down hospitals, pipelines, and multinational corporations, this coverage has moved from a relatively minor policy feature to one of the most scrutinized and debated elements of the [[Definition:Cyber insurance | cyber insurance]] market. Insurers across the United States, Europe, Asia, and other markets now underwrite ransomware as a core peril, though the scope and conditions of coverage vary significantly by carrier, jurisdiction, and policy vintage.

🛡️ A typical ransomware coverage grant may reimburse the insured for [[Definition:Ransom payment | ransom payments]] themselves (subject to legal and regulatory constraints), costs associated with engaging [[Definition:Incident response | incident response]] firms and forensic investigators, expenses for restoring systems and data from backups, [[Definition:Business interruption insurance | business interruption]] losses sustained while operations are down, and notification and [[Definition:Crisis management | crisis management]] costs if personal data has been compromised. Underwriters evaluate an applicant's cybersecurity posture in considerable detail — scrutinizing controls such as multi-factor authentication, endpoint detection and response tools, backup integrity, and employee training programs — before granting coverage and setting [[Definition:Premium | premium]] levels. Many carriers now impose [[Definition:Coinsurance | coinsurance]] provisions or [[Definition:Sublimit | sublimits]] specific to ransomware, and some require the insured to obtain the insurer's prior consent before making any ransom payment. [[Definition:Reinsurance | Reinsurers]] have simultaneously tightened terms, and the London market's [[Definition:Lloyd's of London | Lloyd's]] has issued guidance requiring syndicates to clearly address ransomware and [[Definition:War exclusion | war exclusions]] in their cyber portfolios.

⚖️ Few insurance coverages have generated as much public policy debate in recent years. Governments and law enforcement agencies in multiple countries have expressed concern that ransomware insurance — particularly the reimbursement of ransom payments — may incentivize criminal activity by ensuring attackers get paid. France briefly considered banning ransom reimbursement before settling on a requirement that victims file a police report as a condition of coverage, while the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control ([[Definition:Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) | OFAC]]) has warned that payments to sanctioned entities can expose both insureds and insurers to legal liability regardless of policy terms. These tensions have made ransomware coverage a focal point for [[Definition:Insurance regulation | regulators]], [[Definition:Actuarial science | actuaries]] grappling with rapidly evolving loss frequency and severity, and [[Definition:Insurtech | insurtech]] firms developing real-time risk monitoring tools. The ongoing arms race between attackers and defenders ensures that ransomware coverage will remain one of the most dynamic and closely watched segments of the global insurance market.

'''Related concepts:'''
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Definition:Cyber insurance]]
* [[Definition:Business interruption insurance]]
* [[Definition:Incident response]]
* [[Definition:War exclusion]]
* [[Definition:Systemic risk]]
* [[Definition:Silent cyber]]
{{Div col end}}

Definition:Ransomware coverage - Revision history

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