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⚖️ '''Pro-sandbagging clause''' is a contractual provision in an insurance [[Definition:Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) | M&A]] agreement that preserves the buyer's right to bring [[Definition:Indemnity | indemnity]] or [[Definition:Warranty | warranty]] breach claims after closing even if the buyer was aware of the relevant issue before the transaction completed. The term "sandbagging" derives from the idea that the buyer knew about a problem, chose to close anyway, and then "sandbagged" the seller with a claim. In insurance transactions — where [[Definition:Due diligence | due diligence]] routinely uncovers nuanced reserve, regulatory, or policy-wording issues that may or may not crystallize — the question of whether pre-closing knowledge bars a claim carries particular financial weight.

🔍 In practice, a pro-sandbagging provision will state explicitly that the buyer's right to indemnification is not limited or affected by any knowledge the buyer had, or could have had, at or before closing. This stands in contrast to an [[Definition:Anti-sandbagging clause | anti-sandbagging clause]], which extinguishes claims where the buyer had prior knowledge, and to "silent" agreements that leave the issue to governing law — which varies significantly by jurisdiction. Under English law, for example, a buyer's actual knowledge of a warranty breach at the time of contract may prevent a claim for damages, whereas certain U.S. states (notably Delaware) tend to be more permissive toward sandbagging absent an express contractual prohibition. Because insurance [[Definition:Share purchase agreement (SPA) | SPAs]] often involve multi-jurisdictional targets, the choice between pro- and anti-sandbagging carries both doctrinal and practical significance.

🛡️ Buyers in insurance deals favor pro-sandbagging clauses because the nature of [[Definition:Insurance | insurance]] due diligence makes it nearly impossible to draw a clean line between "knowledge" and "suspicion." A buyer's [[Definition:Actuary | actuary]] might flag potential [[Definition:Reserve | reserve]] inadequacy in a particular [[Definition:Line of business | line of business]] without being certain of the quantum — should that preliminary observation strip away the buyer's contractual protections? Pro-sandbagging provisions eliminate that gray area. Sellers, understandably, resist them, arguing that a buyer who closes with open eyes should not later shift discovered risks back to the seller. Negotiations on this point are often resolved through compromise: a pro-sandbagging clause paired with narrower [[Definition:Warranty | warranty]] scope, lower [[Definition:Indemnity | indemnity]] caps, or the interposition of [[Definition:Warranty and indemnity insurance (W&I) | warranty and indemnity insurance]] to absorb the claim instead.

'''Related concepts:'''
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Definition:Anti-sandbagging clause]]
* [[Definition:Warranty]]
* [[Definition:Indemnity]]
* [[Definition:Due diligence]]
* [[Definition:Share purchase agreement (SPA)]]
* [[Definition:Warranty and indemnity insurance (W&I)]]
{{Div col end}}

Definition:Pro-sandbagging clause - Revision history

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