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📋 '''Building Block Approach (BBA)''' is the default measurement model under [[Definition:IFRS17 | IFRS17]] for valuing groups of [[Definition:Insurance contract | insurance contracts]] on an insurer's balance sheet. Often called the General Measurement Model (GMM), it constructs the liability for each contract group from three distinct "building blocks": the present value of expected future [[Definition:Fulfilment cash flows | fulfilment cash flows]], a [[Definition:Risk adjustment | risk adjustment]] for non-financial risk, and the [[Definition:Contractual Service Margin (CSM) | Contractual Service Margin]] representing unearned profit. This layered structure ensures that every material driver of an insurer's obligation — from [[Definition:Claims | claims]] projections and [[Definition:Expense | expenses]] to uncertainty and embedded profit — is separately identified and tracked over time.

⚙️ At initial recognition, an insurer estimates the future cash inflows (chiefly [[Definition:Premium | premiums]]) and outflows ([[Definition:Claims | claims]], benefits, and directly attributable costs), discounts them to present value using current [[Definition:Discount rate | discount rates]], and layers on the risk adjustment. If the resulting net amount shows a gain, that gain is captured in the CSM rather than hitting profit or loss immediately; it is then released systematically across the [[Definition:Coverage period | coverage period]] as services are delivered. Subsequent measurement requires the insurer to update all estimates each reporting period — changes in financial assumptions adjust the liability through [[Definition:Other comprehensive income | other comprehensive income]] or profit or loss (depending on the accounting policy chosen), while changes in non-financial assumptions unlock the CSM, accelerating or decelerating future profit recognition.

💡 For life insurers, health carriers, and [[Definition:Reinsurance | reinsurers]] writing long-duration business, the BBA delivers a granular, economically grounded picture of contract performance that was simply unavailable under prior standards. It forces organizations to invest in robust [[Definition:Actuarial model | actuarial models]] and tightly integrated finance-actuarial data pipelines — a catalyst that has spurred many carriers to modernize legacy systems. Investors benefit because the approach separates genuine changes in underlying economics from accounting noise, making earnings patterns more predictable and comparisons across carriers more credible.

'''Related concepts:'''
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* [[Definition:IFRS17]]
* [[Definition:Contractual Service Margin (CSM)]]
* [[Definition:Fulfilment cash flows]]
* [[Definition:Risk adjustment]]
* [[Definition:Variable Fee Approach (VFA)]]
* [[Definition:Premium Allocation Approach (PAA)]]
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Definition:Building Block Approach (BBA) - Revision history

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