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💾 '''Backup''' refers to the practice of creating and maintaining copies of data and systems so they can be restored after loss or corruption — a capability that sits at the heart of [[Definition:Cyber insurance | cyber insurance]] underwriting, [[Definition:Business interruption insurance | business interruption]] coverage, and [[Definition:Claims management | claims]] outcomes across the insurance industry. Insurers treat an organization's backup strategy as a critical indicator of its resilience to [[Definition:Ransomware | ransomware]] attacks, hardware failures, and natural disasters. Whether evaluating a small business applying for a cyber policy or a large enterprise seeking broad property and technology coverage, [[Definition:Underwriter | underwriters]] routinely probe the frequency, redundancy, and integrity of backup systems before committing capacity.

🔄 Effective backup regimes follow principles such as the widely referenced "3-2-1" rule — three copies of data, stored on two different media types, with one copy held offsite or in an air-gapped environment that cannot be reached by network-borne [[Definition:Malware | malware]]. In [[Definition:Underwriting | underwriting]] practice, the distinction between online backups (which may be encrypted alongside production systems during a ransomware event) and truly isolated offline or immutable backups is pivotal. [[Definition:Insurtech | Insurtech]] platforms and [[Definition:Managing general agent (MGA) | MGAs]] focused on cyber lines increasingly verify backup configurations through technical questionnaires, third-party security scans, or integration with clients' cloud environments. During the [[Definition:Cyber incident response | cyber incident response]] process, the availability of clean, recent backups often determines whether an insured can restore operations within hours or faces weeks of downtime — a difference that translates directly into the magnitude of [[Definition:Business interruption loss | business interruption]] and [[Definition:Extra expense | extra expense]] claims paid under the policy.

📉 From a portfolio and market perspective, backup quality has emerged as one of the strongest predictors of [[Definition:Loss severity | loss severity]] in cyber lines. Insurers that tracked claims data through the ransomware surge of the late 2010s and early 2020s found that organizations with robust, tested backup procedures filed significantly smaller claims — and were far less likely to pay ransoms — than those without. This insight has reshaped policy language globally: many cyber policies now include [[Definition:Sublimit | sublimits]] or [[Definition:Coinsurance | coinsurance]] penalties for insureds that fail to maintain adequate backups, while some carriers offer [[Definition:Premium | premium]] credits for verified immutable backup solutions. [[Definition:Reinsurer | Reinsurers]] underwriting [[Definition:Cyber catastrophe | cyber catastrophe]] treaties also factor portfolio-wide backup adoption into their accumulation models, recognizing that a book of business with strong backup hygiene presents a fundamentally different risk profile than one without.

'''Related concepts:'''
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Definition:Ransomware]]
* [[Definition:Cyber insurance]]
* [[Definition:Business interruption insurance]]
* [[Definition:Cyber incident response]]
* [[Definition:Disaster recovery]]
* [[Definition:Data breach]]
{{Div col end}}

Definition:Backup - Revision history

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